Learning is a complex process, and over the years, various theories have been developed to explore and understand the intricacies of how learning occurs. These theories often
focus on the methods and processes involved in delivering education. Here, we explore three main learning approaches: the Behaviourist, the Cognitive, and the Humanist.
Behaviourist Approach to Learning
The Behaviourist Approach centres on the idea that learners respond to stimuli in their environment. According to this approach, the role of the facilitator is to provide relevant and useful stimuli, facilitating the acquisition of knowledge or experience. Behaviourists believe that repetitive tasks, combined with feedback, can shape behaviour.
Key Concepts:
• Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s experiment with dogs demonstrated that learned behaviour is a result of a sequence of events experienced, rather than a conscious thought process.
• Operant Conditioning: Developed by B.F. Skinner, this theory involves using reinforcement (positive or negative) to strengthen or weaken a behaviour. Application in Training:
• Clear Behavioural Objectives: Specify clear objectives at the beginning and provide learning opportunities to ensure these objectives are met.
Social Learning Theory
A development of the Behaviourist theory, the Social Learning Theory posits that people can learn by observing others. Learning through observation is more likely to be absorbed if positively reinforced.
Stages in the Social Learning Process:
Attention: Focus on a model (e.g., a child observing a parent).
Learning: Observe the model’s behaviour and its consequences.
Analysis and Coding: Reflect on the learning and, if possible, imitate the model for reinforcement.
Importance of Interpersonal Interactions:
• Learning often occurs through interpersonal interactions, either face-to-face or in a team setting.
• Emphasises the significance of learning with and from others.
Cognitive Approach to Learning
In contrast to the assertiveness of the Behaviourist tutor, the Cognitive Approach focuses on the active role of the mind in processing learning opportunities. Both the tutor and the participant actively engage with knowledge, with the tutor choosing the best method to convey understanding.
Key Theorists:
John Dewey: Emphasises the importance of “learning to think” and the role of reflection in the learning process. Learning involves more than just doing a task; it requires reflection and critical thinking.
B. S. Bloom: Proposes two domains of learning – cognitive (memory and understanding) and affective (emotional changes). Learning occurs cumulatively across these domains.
Application in Training:
Experiential Learning: David Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle suggests that learning is a dynamic process involving concrete experiences, reflective observation, abstract conceptualisation, and active experimentation.
Humanistic Approach to Learning
The Humanistic Approach recognises the diversity of truths and emphasises active learning. It introduces the concepts of andragogy and pedagogy, highlighting the difference between instructive learning and self-directed learning.
Key Concepts:
Andragogy vs. Pedagogy: Andragogy focuses on self-directed learning, while pedagogy involves instructor-led learning.
Active Learning: Emphasises the role of active learning in the training process.
Theories in Practice:
David Kolb’s Experiential Learning: Learning is facilitated when course content aligns with participants’ existing experiences and encourages reflection.
Bandura’s Self Efficacy Theory: Considers individuals’ perceptions of their own competence as a crucial factor in the learning process.
Implications for Training Design:
Experiential Learning: Design courses that encourage interaction, reflection, and the formation of new concepts.
Self-Efficacy: Set realistic goals, provide support, and ensure positive experiences to enhance learners’ self-efficacy.
Understanding these learning approaches provides a foundation for effective teaching and training, allowing educators to tailor their methods to the unique needs and characteristics of learners.